Meningococcal Vaccine

                                   Meningococcal Vaccine                             The meningococcal vaccines protect against meningococcal disease, which can lead to bacterial meningitis and other serious infections.                                         Two kinds of meningococcal ( meh-nin-guh-KOK-uh1 ) vaccines                       are currently given to kids in the United States:                                The meningococcal conjugate vaccine ( MenACWY ) protect against four types of meningococcal bacteria ( types A,C,W, and Y ). it is recommended for all kids and teens age 11 and older. some types of MenACWY are given to younger children (as early as 8 weeks of age) if they have a higher risk of getting  meningococcal disease.                                                                          The meningococcal B vaccine (MenB) protects against a fifth type of meningococcal bacterium (called type B). it is fairly new and not yet recommended as a routine vaccination for healthy people. but some kids and teens who are at increased risk for meningococcal disease should get it starting from age 10. other who are not at increased risk may also get it between the ages of 16 and 23 ( preferably between 16 through 18 as that is when tge risk of getting infected is highest ). the decision to get the MenB vaccine is made by the teen, their parent, and their doctor.                                                                                             When Are Meningococcal Vaccines Given?                                            Vaccination with MenACWY is recommended:                                                                        When kids are 11 or 12 years old, with a booster given at age 16 for teens 13-18 years old who have't been vaccinated yet Those who have their first dose between the ages of 13-15 should get a booster dose between the ages of 16-18. teens who get their first dose after age 16 won't need a booster dose.                          Kids and teens who are at higher risk for meningococcal disease need the full series of MenACWY vaccines, even if they're younger than 11 years old. this includes kids who:                                                                                                              Liver in or travel to countries where the disease is common are present during an outbreak of the disease. have some kinds of immune disorders. if the immune disorders are chronic, these kids also need a booster dose a few years later, depending on their age at the first dose. The MenACWY vaccine is also especially important for students who live in college dorms and for military recruits.                                                                                                                                          The sequence and dosage depend on the child's age, medical condition, and vaccine brand. Some types of neningococcal vaccines can be given as early as 8 week of age.                                                                                                                             Kids 10 years and older with these risk factors also should get the MenB vaccine. they'11 need 2 or 3 doses depending on the brand. they might need more booster doses if  the risk factor remains.                                                                              For those without risk factors, the decision to receive the MenB vaccine should be made together by teens, their parent, and the doctor. for them, the preferred age range is 16-18 years. Usually, they need 2 doses.               The MenACWT and MenB vaccine can be given at the same time, but at a different place on the body.                                                                            What are the Possible Side effects of Meningococcal Vaccines?                        Some of the most common side effects are swelling, redness, and pain at the site of the injection, along with  headache, fever, or tiredness. Serious problems, such as allergic reactions, are rare. The meningococcal vaccines Contain only a small piece of the germ, so it can't cause meningococcal disease.                                       

Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine

              Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine                         Indications and dosage Intramuscular          Active immunisation against encephalitis due to japanese encephalitis virus                    Adult: As adsorbed, inactivated virus vaccine: primary immunisation: 0.5 ml at 0 and 28 days. Alternatively, an accelerated schedule consisting of 0.5 ml at 0 and 7 days may be given when there is insufficient time for the standard course. primary course should be complete at least 1 week before potential exposure. booster dose: given 12-24 months ( 12 months for those at continued risk ) after the primary course.                                                                                  Child: primary immunisation:2 months to <3 years 0.25 ml at 0 and 28 days; > 3-17 years same as adult dose. booster dose: Given 12- 24 months ( 12 months for those at continued risk ) after the primary course. Active immunisation.                                                                                                                         Subcutaneous Active immunisation againts encephalitis due to japanese encephalitis virus                                                                                                      Adult: As live, attenuated virus vaccine: primary immunisation: 0.5 ml as single dose. booster dose: may be given 5 years after the primary dose, in patients at continued risk.                                                                                                   Child: 9 months to 17 years primary immunisation: 0.5 ml as single dose. booster dose: given 12- 24 months after the primary dose, in patients at continued risk.                                                                                             Contraindications Hypersensitivity. live, attenuated virus vaccine: congenital or acquired immunodeficiency ( e.g. HIV infection ). pregnancy and lactation ( live, attenuated virus vaccine ).                                                               Special Precaution Patients with bleeding disorders ( e.g thrombocytopenia, haemophilia ), altered immunocompetence, personal or family history of febrile convulsions. postpone vaccination in case of acute severe febrile or acute illness. children. pregnancy and lactation ( adsorbed, inactivated virus vaccine ).                                                                                                                                             Japanese Encephalitis                                           Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne viral zoonosis that also affects humans. JE virus is a member of the vector-borne flaviviruses, with similarities to several other flaviviruses such as dengue fever and west nile virus. JE occurs in practically all asian countries. The major genotypes of the virus different geographical distributions, but all belong to the same serotype and are similar in terms of host preference and virulence. following an infectious mosquito bite, the virus replicates in local and regional lymph nodes which may be followed by viral invasion of the central nervous system. infection is characterized by sudden onset of fever, chills, myalgias, and mental confusion. in children gastrointestinal pain and vomiting may be the dominant initial symptoms and convulsions are very common. nearly 3 billion people are believed to be at risk for JE virus infection and approximately 20,000 clinical cases with 6,000 deaths are reported annually. the case fatality rate ranges from 5-30% but approximately 30-50 % of the surviving patients have permanent neuropsychiatric sequelae and complete recovery occurs in only one-third of patients.                                                                                                                        JE Vaccine Vaccination of the human is the most effective means of preventing JE. there are three types of inactivated vaccines and one type of live attenuated vaccine currently used in the world:                                                                                          Japanese Encephalitis is a rare but serious infection you can get from mosquito bites in some parts of the world. if you're travelling to an area where there's a risk of catching it, you can get a vaccine to help prevent it.                                                                           

Influenza or Flu Vaccine

                                             Influenza Vaccine                                  Influenza - or "flu is a respiratory infection caused by influenza virus. influenza outbreaks happen every year. influenza vaccination is safe for anyone 6 months of age and older. it protects you and thoses around you fromthe flu and its complication. because influenza viruses change-often from year to year-people don't stay immune for very long. Flu shots are usually given once a year starting in october. the shots provider protection throughout the flu season- October to April. should my child get a flu shot? yes. all children over 6 months old should get a flu shot each year. babies and children 6 months to 9 years of age who have never had a flu shot will need 2 doses of the vaccine, given at least 4 weeks apart. those who have had one or more doses of the regular seasonal flu shot in the past, or children 9 years of age and older,will only need 1 dose per year. The vaccine is especially important for children and youth who are at high risk of complications from the flu, including those who: are between 6 months and 5 years f age. have chronic heart or lung disorders ( such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cystic fibrosis, asthma ) serious enough to need regular medical follow-up. have chronic conditions that weaken the immune system, such as immune deficiencies, cancer, HIV or a treatment that causes immune supperssion. have diabetes or other metabolic diseases. have chronic kidney disease. have chronic anemia or a blood disorder. have a chronic neurological or neurodevelopmental disorder. are severely obese ( body mass index>40 ). are pregnant. have to take acetylsalicylic acid ( ASA or Aspirin ) on a daily basis. live in a chronic care facility. live in first nation or inuit communities. lpve with another child or adult who is at risk of complications from the flu. children under 5 years old are at higher risk of complications from the flu-such as high fever, convulsions and pneumonia. if you have children younger than 5 years old or who have health complications, everyone living in the house should get a flu shot. this is especially important if you have children under 6 months old or if a member of your household is pregnant.                                                                                                                Caregivers who take care of children less than 5 years of age  should also be immunized. How safe is the flu vaccine? the influenza vaccine is very safe. it cannot cause the flu. side effects are usually mild and can include: mild soreness where the needle went into the arm for 1 to 2 days. A mild  fever or acher for the fisrt day or 2 after immunization. Do Not give child ibuprofen or acetaminophen before or around the time of vaccination as it does not prevent the pain of injection and it could have an impact on how well the vaccine work. these medications can be used to treat fever, pain. or other bothersome side effects if they develop after vaccination.                                                                               

      

Hepatitis B Vaccine ( HepB IG )

                            Hepatitis B Vaccine ( HepB )                         What is Heptitis B?                                                                                  Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus. People who get infected can have no symptoms, or they can have a mild illness that feels like the flu. some can be sicker with fever, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice that lasts for a few weeks. and others can become lifelong carriers of the virus and get liver problems later, such as cirrhosis ( scarred and damaged liver ) or liver cancer.                                                                                                                  HepB Immunization Schecdula, Kids usually get the hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) as a series of 3 shots: shortly after birth at 1-2 months of age at 6-18 months of age for the first shot: if a newborn's mother carries the hepatitis B virus in her blood, the baby must get the vaccine within 12 hours after birth. the baby also needs another sho-hepatitis B immune globullin (HBIG)- to provide protection againts the virus right away. if the baby had a low birth weight (less than 2000 grams or 4 pounds, 7 ounces), they'll need to get the 3 routine doses in addition to this first shot starting at 1 month of age, for a total a of 4 doses. if a newborn's mother doesn't have the virus in her blood, the baby can get the hepB vaccine within 24 hours after birth. if the baby had a low birth weigth, they'll wait to get first dose at 1 month of age or when they're discharged from the hospital ( whichever comes first ), for a total of 3 doses. anyone can get the vaccine series at any times if they missed it as a baby. this is especially important for people who are at higher risk of getting infected. this includes health care and public safety workers, people with chronic liver chronic liver or kidney disease, people with HIV infection, and people who inject drugs.                                                                                                                                                  Some kids may need to get Vaccinated again later in life. These include children: whose mothers carry the hepatitis B virus in their blood who need hemodialysis who have a weak immune system sometimes doctors given the hepB vaccine in combination with other vaccines, such as DTaP, IPV, Hib, or hepa vaccines. why is the hepB Vaccine Recommended? People who don't know they're infected can spread the hepatitis B virus. So it can't be avoided just by being careful. that's  why health experts recommend that all babies get the vaccine rigth from birth. the hepB injection usually creates long- term immunity. most infants who get the hepB series are protected from hepatitis B infection beyond childhood, into their adult years. Eliminating the risk of infection also decreases risk for cirrhosis of the liver, chonic liver disease, and liver cancer.                                                                             Possible Risks of HepB Vaccine; Side effects usually are mild, and can include a mild fever and soreness or redness at the injection site. allergic reactions to the vaccine are rare.                                                                              Caring for your Child After HepB Immunization: Your child may have fever, soreness, and some swelling and redness at the shot site. for pain and fever, check with your doctor to see if you can give either acetaminophen or ibuprofen, and to find out the rigth dose.                                                                                          

Purified Protein Derivative (PPD)

                        Purified Protein Derivative (PPD)                                  Skin Test for Tuberculosis                          TB disease in children under 15 years of age ( also called pediatric tuberculosis ) is a public health problem of special significance because it is a marker for recent transmission of TB. Also, of special significance, infants and young children are more likely than older children and adults to develop life-threatening forms of  TB disease (e.g., disseminated TB, TB meningitis). Among children, the greatest numbers of TB cases are seen in children young than 5 years of age, and in adolescents older than 10 years of age. in 2021, U,S. state, local, and territorial health agencies reported a total of 7,882 TB cases to CDC. in 2021, there were 317 case of TB disease among children ages 14 years or younger in the united states. Overall, in 2021, 4% of U.S. TB cases occurred among children less than 15 years of age. Males continued to represent the majority (61.3%) of persons with TB disease overall. the percentage was greater for males compared with females for each age group, except for children 5 to 14 years old (46% males and 54% females). Basic TB facts TB is caused by a bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB bacteria are spread from person to person through the air. the TB bacteria are put into the air when a person with TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, speaks, or sings. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected. people with TB disease of the lungs or throat can spread bacteria to others with whom they spend time every day. however, children are less likely to spread TB bacteria to others. this is because the forms of TB disease most commonly seen in children are usually less infectious than the forms seenin adults. Not everyone infected with TB bacteria become sick. As a result, two TB- related conditions exist:latent TB infection and TB disease. latent TB infection persons with latent TB infection:Usually have a skin test or blood test indicating TB infection; Have TB bacteria in their bodies, but the bacteria are not active; are not sick and do not have symptoms; cannot spread bacteria to others; and are often given medicine to prevent them from developing TB disease. Testing for TB children in the absence of symptoms, usually the only sign of TB infection is a positive reaction to the TB skin test or TB blood test. TB skin testing is considered safe in children and is preferred over TB blood tests for children less than 5 years of age. More Testing for TB All children with a positive test for TB infection, symptoms f TB, or a history of contact with a person with infectious TB disease should undergo a medical evaluation. medical evaluations for TB disease include a chest x-ray and physical examination to exclude TB disease and must be done before beginning treatment for latent TB infection. for more information on where to get a TB test, contact your state TB control program. signs and symptoms of TB disease in children include: cough; Feelings of sickness or weakness, lethargy, or reduced playfulness; weight loss or failure to thrive; fever;or night sweats. The most common from of TB disease occurs in the lungs, but TB disease can affect other parts of the body as well. symptoms of TB disease in other parts of the body depend  on the area affected. infants, young children, and immunocompromised children ( e.g., children with HIV ) are at the highest risk of developing the most severe forms of TB such of TB such as TB meningitis or disseminated TB disease. Treatment A pediatric TB expert should be involved in the treatment of TB in children and in the management of infants, young children, and immunocompromised children who have been exposed to someone with infectious TB disease. it is very important that children or anyone being treated for latent TB infection or TB disease finish the medicine and take the drugs exactly as instructed. vaccines BGC, or bacille Calmette-Guerin, is a vaccine to prevent TB disease. BGC is used in many countries to prevent childhood TB disease. however, the BGC vaccine is not generally used in the United states, beause of the low risk of infection with TB bacteria and the variable effectiveness of the vaccine. the BGC vaccine should only be considered for very select persons who meet specific criteria and in consultation with a TB doctor.                                                                                                          

Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella

                         Measles, Mumps, Rubella and                                      Varicella ( MMRV ) Vaccine                       MMRV Vaccine can prevent measles, mumps, rubella, and  varicella. MEASLES (M) causes fever, cough, runny nose, and red,watery eyes, commonly followed by a rash that covers the whole body. it can lead to seizures ( often associated with fever ), ear infections, diarrhea, and pneumonia. Rarely, measles can cause brain damage or death. MUMPS ( M ) causes fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, loss of appetite,and swollen and tender salivary glands under the ears. it can lead to can lead to deafness, swelling of the brain and/ or spinal cord covering, painful swelling of the testicles or ovaries, and very rarely, death. Rubella ( R ) causes fever, sore throat, rash, headache, and eye irritation. it can cause arthritis in up to half of teenage and adult women. if a person gets rubella while they are pregnant, they could have a miscarriage or the baby could be born with serious birth defects. VARICELLA ( V ), also called " chickenpox." causes an itchy rash in addition to fever, tiredness, loss of appetite, and headache. it can lead to skin infections, pneumonia, inflammation of the blood vassels, swelling of the brain and/ or spinal cord covering and infection of the blood, bones, or joints. some people who get chickenpox get a painful rash called " shingles " ( also known as herpens zoster ) years later. Most people who are vaccinated with MMRV will be protected for life. vaccine and high rates of vaccination have  made these these diseases much less common in the United States.MMRV Vaccine may be given to children 12 months through 12 years of age,usually: First dose at age 12 through 15 months Second dose at age 4 through 6 years  MMRV vaccine may be given at the same time as other vaccines. instead of  MMRV, some children might receive separate short for MMR ( measles, mumps, and rubella ) and varicella. your health care provider can given you more information. the following individuals should NOT receive MMR or should wait moderate or severe acute illness with fever 38.5 C serious allergic reaction to a previous dose of measles-containing or varicella-containing vaccine known history of severe allergy to gelatine or certain antibiotics individuals with severe immunosuppression from diseases or treatment, e.g immunodeficiency on current cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy taking immunosuppressive medicines, such as high dose corticosteroid family history of congenital or hereditary immunodeficiency untreated active tuberculosis received immunoglobulin or other blood products ( e.g blood transfusion ) within the past 11 months has received other live vaccine in the past four weeks, or has received varicella-containing vaccine in the past three months pregnancy.What are the side effects? In general, MMR vaccine is safe and well tolerated. about 20% to 25% of  children may have minor local reaction after vaccination, such as pain, redness or swelling at the injection site. these symptoms are usually self - limiting. some children may develop fever 5 - 12 days after vaccination, but the fever will usually subside within 2 - 5 days. parents can use anti-fever medication to relieve the symptoms. A small fraction of children may have febrile convulsion. some children may become irritable or acquire upper respiratory infection after vaccination, but these symptoms are usually mild and self - limiting. A small number of children may develop a rash 1-2 weeks after vaccination, but it will usually disappear after a few days. latent infections leading to herpes zoster have been reported but the majority of cases have been mild and have not been associated with complications.                                                                                                                                    

      

Chickenpox Vaccine

                     Chickenpox/Varicella Vaccination                                                                                                                                                                                                                           The varicella vaccine protect against chickenpox(varicell ),a common and very contagious childhood viral illness. it also protects againts shingles. it is a live attenuated vaccine, which means it contains a weakend form of the virus. chickenpox Immuni Chickenpox Immunization Schedule the varicella vaccine is given as a shot when kids are between 12 and 15 months old. they get a booster shot for further protection at 4 to 6 years of age. kids who are older than 6 but younger than 13 who have not had chickenpox or the vaccine should get the 2 doses given 3 months apart. kids 13 years or older should get their 2 vaccine doses 1 to 2 months apart. sometimes the varicella vaccine is given in combination with the vaccine for meales, mumps, and rubella, in a vaccine called MMRV. kids up to 13 years old can get this vaccine. why is the chickenpox Vaccine Recommended? chickenpox used to be common in the US, causing many hospitalizations and even deaths. since the vaccine was introduced in 1995, it has prevented millions of infections every year. it prevents severe illness in almost all kids who are vaccinated. it's also very effective in preventing mild illness. vaccinated kids who do get chickenpox generally have a mild case. if a personal with no immunity to the virus is exposed to someone with chickenpox or shingles, they are likely to get infected because the virus is so contagious. giving the vaccine within 3 to 5 days after exposure can held to prevent the infection. chickenpox is a very contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). it causes a blister-like rash, itching, tiredness, and fever. chikenpox used to be very common in the united states. each year, chikenpox caused about 4 million cases, about 10,600 hospitalizations and 100 to 150 deaths. two doses of the vaccine are about 90% effective at preventing chikenpox. when you get vaccinated, you protect yourself and others in your community. this is especially important for people who cannot get vaccinated, such as those with weakened immune systems or pregnant women.some people who are vaccinated against chikenpox may still get the disease. however, it is usually milder with fewer blisters and little or no fever. talk with your healthcare professional if you have questions about chikenpox vaccine.